The object of the present work was to design, construct and evaluate a cylindrical tri-axial charger for Charging of submicron aerosol Particles by unipolar ions. The corona discharge characteristics, the intrinsic and extrinsic Particle Charging efficiencies, and the losses of aerosol Particles were experimentally evaluated for Particle diameters in the range between 50 nm and 500 nm under different operating conditions. The conditions included the corona voltages of about 7. 0 to 8. 0 kV, the mesh screen voltages of about 100 to 300 V and the aerosol flow rate was set at 1. 5 L/min. It was found that the ion current increased from 2. 90 10-10 to 3. 66 10-8 A and 2. 40 10-10 to 1. 36 10-7 A and the number concentration of ions increased from 7. 50 109 to 5. 92 1011 ions/m3 and 6. 21 109 to 2. 19 1012 ions/m3 when the corona voltage increased from 5. 5 to 8. 0 kV at the mesh screen voltage between 100 and 300 V, respectively. The intrinsic Charging efficiency of Particles introduced a constant value of about 99% for Particle diameter in the range between 50 nm and 200 nm and decreased with Particle diameter in the range between about 300 nm and 500 nm at a given corona voltage. The best extrinsic Charging efficiency of the studied charger occurred between 1. 32% and 38% for Particle diameter in the range from 50 nm to 500 nm at corona and ion trap voltages of about 7. 0 kV and 300 V respectively. The highest electrostatic loss of Particles was observed at 50 nm Particles and it was about 89. 08, 90. 73 and 91. 91% at a mesh screen voltage of about 300 V for corona voltages of about 7. 0, 7. 5 and 8. 0 kV, respectively. Finally, the highest diffusion losses were at about 28. 88, 23. 03 and 11. 15% for singly charged, neutralized and non-charged Particles of 500, 500 and 50 nm, respectively.

At present, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as a viable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, primarily due to their superior environmental sustainability, particularly regarding carbon emissions, and their cost-effectiveness attributed to lower energy consumption. Consequently, the market share of electric vehicles has witnessed substantial growth in recent years, which has in turn heightened the demand for Charging infrastructure. Conversely, the rising number of electric vehicles necessitating reCharging-especially during peak demand periods-poses challenges such as prolonged waiting times at public Charging stations and increased strain on the power distribution network. To address these issues and enhance network efficiency, the concept of Mobile Charging Stations (MCS) has emerged, offering flexible Charging solutions in terms of both time and location. This paper introduces an innovative approach for the allocation and deployment of MCSs in areas with high demand, aimed at alleviating the burden on public Charging stations. A mathematical model grounded in the Location-or-Routing Problem (LoRP) has been formulated, employing various truck-based and van-based mobile Charging stations to collaboratively service demand points near public Charging facilities. This strategy seeks to attain various achievements, including the reduction of network load and waiting times at Charging stations while simultaneously expanding coverage to improve customer satisfaction. Based on conducted experiments, a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the proposed model demonstrate that the LoRP significantly outperforms traditional models in terms of both coverage and cost efficiency.

Using the Particle-in-cell method, the behavior of the dusty plasma under plasma fusion conditions of Tokomak's wall and the effect of the magnetic field on the process of dusty plasma Particles were simulated and examined. The electric field is self-consistently solved from Poisson's equation. Electron-neutral elastic scattering, excitation, and ionization processes are modeled using Monte-Carlo collision method. The effect of the difference in the initial density of the plasma and the different magnetic field was simulated, and their results were compared together. The time to reach the saturation state and the amount of the saturated charge were obtained in the process of Charging dust Particles. It was observed that increasing the magnetic field does not necessarily mean an increase in the charge of dust Particles or a decrease in the time to reach the saturation state. Finding the limit of this field, which certainly depends on the physical properties of the plasma, can be useful in some issues, for example, in plasma fusion conditions and labs. Some of the limitations of current theoretical models in the interaction of dust Particles and plasma and the gap in the current empirical and theoretical approaches are described in the study of dust in fusion devices.

Background: In this study, an electroscrubber was designed and experimented for evaluation of integrating Particle and droplet Charging effects separately and jointly on collection efficiency of a spray tower and also to discover the optimal condition.Methods: A homogenous concentration of relatively fine Particles was introduced to influent air stream and electroscrubber efficiency in purifying them was determined through the measurement of input and output Particles concentration. The effect of vari-ous conditions such as Particles and droplets Charging alone and together (bipolar) for several applied voltages has been studied.Results: In all of experiments, the applied Charging voltage has a key role in promotion of electroscrubber efficiency. Maximum collection efficiency has achieved for 15 Kilovolt (Kv). The effectiveness of bipolar Charging of Particles and droplets with 15 Kv was higher than that of no-Charging and singly Charging. In other words, efficiency can be increased from 84.43% to 93.22 for total Particles and from 50.8% to 75.16% for submi-cron Particles. The maximum improvement of collection efficiency (42.2%) relates to bipolar Charging of the initial size group with diameter smaller than 0.3 micrometer (mm) and the minimum (0.5%) to sizing group of 11 with diameter 4-5 μm.Conclusion: This approach can be an appropriate option for the purpose of purifying submicron Particles in spray tower scrubbers.

Cost and safety are two most important factors involved in the design of civil engineering systems and structures. Thus, the optimal design of structure dimensions is of big importance in order to reduce the cost of construction while meeting the safety requirement and the design constraints. Up to now several algorithms have been developed and used for optimization of different civil engineering problems. One of these algorithms is the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) which is a swarm intelligence based algorithm inspired by the social behavior of animals such as fish schooling and bird flocking to solve continuous problems. In this paper, an optimization model is developed for the optimal design of flood control systems which contain both detention dam and bottom outlet. The proposed model uses the powerful PSO algorithm as the search engine and The "Transport Module" of "SWMM" as the hydraulic analyzer of the system. The applicability of the model to solve real world problem is verified by the optimal design of of South Pars flood control system which contains both detention dam and bottom outlet. The results show that the proposed optimization model can considerably reduce the total costs of flood control systems.

In recent years, electric vehicles have attracted significant attention due to environmental issues. Charging stations installation requires a systematic consideration of relevant issues such as determination of the location and size of Charging stations. On the other hand, it is necessary to encourage private investors to invest in Charging stations installations and to provide proper conditions for them so that they can profit from their investment. In this paper, the fast Charging station (FCS) planning problem is modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), in which the objective function of distribution company (DISCO) and FCS owner (FCSO) have been considered, separately. In the proposed model, the location and size of FCSs as well as the price of transacted energy between DISCO and FCSO are determined, such that the objective functions of DISCO and FCSO are optimized. In the proposed method, queuing theory and user equilibrium based traffic assignment model are used to determine the size of FCSs. Then, the problem of multi-objective planning of FCSs has been investigated, considering the objectives of DISCO and FCSO. In addition, the final solution is chosen from the Pareto front solutions based on the economic and operational indices. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical results.

Electric motorcycles (EM) are promising solutions for eco-friendly vehicles, but there are some dilemmas caused by the fossil-based energy used for Charging and the limited Charging infrastructure. This article proposes solving these dilemmas by designing a Solar-Powered Mobile Battery Swap Charging Station (MBSCS) for EM infrastructure. MBSCS will integrate solar power plants as a sustainable energy source and using battery swap system to accommodate EM. Design thinking methodology is used to develop the initial design of MBSCS and technical indicator assessment through focus group discussions with expert panelists. Simulations are conducted using PVSyst software to evaluate various system variants defined according to the selected components. The results of this study provide the MBSCS initial design, technical indicators to assess the MBSCS system, simulation results, and optimal system variant configuration. The findings of this study will mainly contribute to a solution for EM challenges and offer an environmentally friendly Charging infrastructure. This study is expected to serve as an alternative solution for future mobile Charging stations designed to answer the limited Charging infrastructure as well as to demonstrate the potential use of portable solar power plant to overcome dependence on fossil-based energy.

One of the Particle control methods is electrostatic Charging with scrubbing to produce the charged wet scrubber (CWS). This technology has been used since. This system is practical where the scrubber can be used to remove the pollutants. In fact this system can increase the collecting efficiency and it is not a new technology to control the air pollution. Silica has a very high application in industry. The workers are exposed to these Particles and these Particles are so dangerous for man kind.Therefore according to ACGIH offer the local ventilation system on pilot has been designed and installed at the first step. Then with a 1275-Volt direct current (DC) power, While the water was Charging, 3×1014 electron were produced in the system.With measuring pressure loss by pitot tube and on isokenetic condition, prop diameter became millimeters. Sampling was based on tree method and samples were taken.The result of examination indicated that: 1- In a specified water flow, Charging droplet increased inhalation Particles collecting efficiency, but this Charging droplet isn't effective to non inhalation Particles collecting efficiency. 2- Positive Charging droplet is the most effective than negative Charging droplet. 3- Increasing water flow leads to increasing efficiency in collecting Particles.

In this article, a scheme for Charging quantum batteries using the chain-STIRAP technique is proposed. For this purpose, first, a five-level quantum battery is considered and four pulses are used to charge this battery. It has been shown that by properly adjusting the maximum intensity and the time delay between pulses, the conditions of the chain -STIRAP technique can be established and charged the five-level quantum battery properly, so that the maximum amount of ergotropy is achieved. In this scheme, small changes in the parameters of the pulses, including the time delay between the pulses and the maximum value of the pulses, do not have much effect on the final ergotropy of the system. It is also shown that the proposed method in this scheme can be extended to charge quantum batteries with more than five levels.